This course explores key concepts and conceptions in political philosophy that are relevant to contemporary societies. Our societies are often not well-ordered, allowing even the unreasonable to hold political power, even in so-called "liberal democratic" societies. Given this reality, it is crucial to examine the existence of political obligation - whether there is a duty to obey laws and institutions - as well as the legitimacy of public and social policies and the role of justice and freedom. This course addresses these fundamental questions through a careful study of political philosophy.

宇宙から飛来する宇宙線、ガンマ線、ニュートリノなどを観測し、宇宙における高エネルギー天体現象や、暗黒物質などの素粒子物理を研究する分野を宇宙素粒子物理学（Astroparticle Physics）と呼ぶ。この分野の歴史的な成果として、CP対称性を破るK中間子などの新粒子の発見、最高エネルギー宇宙線の発見、ガンマ線バーストやブレーザーなどのブラックホール起源ガンマ線の検出、ニュートリノ振動の発見などが挙げられる。近年の観測技術の向上により、複数の観測手段を組み合わせて議論するマルチメッセンジャー天文学の時代となり、著しい発展を見せている分野である。この講義では、宇宙における高エネルギー粒子の起源や、それらの物理的性質、観測原理について基礎的なところから学ぶことを目標とする。講義内容については以下の英語版を参照。大きく3つに分かれている。 Astroparticle physics is a research field that studies high-energy astronomical phenomena and particle physics including dark matter via observations of cosmic rays, gamma-rays, neutrinos and so on. Some of representative discoveries done in this field are new particles such as kaon, which shows CP violation, ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, gamma-rays from black holes like gamma-ray bursts and blazars, and neutrino oscillation. Recent progress in the detector technology leads us to the era of multi-messenger astronomy, which is astronomy via collaborative observations of different species of particles. So this research field has been greatly developed in this decade. The purpose of this lecture is learning basics of origins of high-energy particles, physical properties of particles, and detection technique. The contents are divided into three parts as follows. １．Origin of High-energy Particles High-energy particles are accelerated somewhere in the universe, and produce secondary particles via interacting with other particles. Sources and the production mechanisms of such particles are not yet revealed, so numerous models have been proposed. In this lecture, we learn Fermi acceleration at shock waves as a promising particle acceleration mechanism, cosmic ray propagation in the interstellar medium, and emission mechanisms of gamma-rays and neutrinos. We also learn high-energy astrophysical phenomena as particle production sites. ２．Neutrino Physics Neutrinos have long been assumed to be massless, and the Standard Model of particle physics, based on this assumption, has been established as the paradigm that explains the results of many experiments to a high degree of accuracy. In 1998, however, it was discovered that neutrinos have finite mass and come in different flavors. The assumptions of the Standard Model turned out to be wrong, and this had a major impact on our understanding of particle physics and the nature. In this lecture, we will discuss the fundamental properties of neutrinos, their experimental verification mainly by neutrino oscillations, and the remaining unknowns and future experiments. ３．Dark Matter 　The mystery of dark matter is one of the most critical issues in cosmology and particle physics because it plays a leading role in shaping the universe and its potential to interrelate with various problems in particle physics. There are three main approaches to the experimental verification of dark matter: accelerator generation, indirect detection by observing signals from the decay and the annihilation of dark matter in space, and direct detection by capturing events in which dark matter around us collides with detectors. Research to elucidate the nature of dark matter is being actively pursued using all of these approaches. In this lecture, we will discuss various dark matter candidates and the principles and current status of direct and indirect search experiments for them.

放射線は自然界に存在し、宇宙や大地からも降り注いでいる。放射線を活用する事で、例えば医療分野においては、診断や治療に無くてはならない技術である。しかし、放射線は使い方を間違えると、人体に悪影響を与える、諸刃の刃である。正しい知識を元に、放射線を活用する事は、現代社会においては必須の技術である。本講義では、放射線の基礎知識を取得するとともに、卒論などで放射線を扱う場合の放射線取扱者としての教育も兼ねている。茨城県東海村キャンパスで開催される集中講義「原子炉・ビーム実習」に参加するためには、本講義の履修が前提となる。 Radiation exists on the earth. With controlling the radiation technology, human beings got lots of benefits, e.g., X-ray imaging and cancer therapy. However, radiation may damage human body if we failed to control it. In this lecture, basics of the radiation will be lectured. With passing the exam, students will get a license for radiation usage in UT. Students also can join the special seminar on Quantum beam to be held in Tokai-mura campus.

実験や観測の具体的な例を取り上げ、また適宜計算を行いながら、場の理論のコンセプトや素粒子の相互作用の基礎を学び、素粒子実験で取り扱う現象の理解に必要な概念の真髄を習得する。また、標準模型の確立に貢献した重要な実験や、標準模型を超える新たな物理を探索する実験・観測的アプローチについて、具体例をもとに学び、その目指すところを理解する。 Through specific examples of experiments and observations and by performing calculations, students will learn the concepts of field theory and the fundamentals of elementary particle interactions and acquire the essence of the concepts necessary for understanding the phenomena treated in elementary particle experiments. Students will also learn about important experiments that contributed to the establishment of the Standard Model, as well as experimental and observational approaches that search for new physics beyond the Standard Model, based on specific examples to understand their goals.

This is a course on advanced applications of non-Abelian gauge theories (i.e., dynamics of quarks and gluons) in the context of high-energy nuclear physics, including modern technologies for collider experiments.

放射線とは何かを知るために、その発見の歴史や特性、生物や環境に与える影響、産業における利用方法などついて学ぶ。福島第一原発事故で起きたような、低線量の放射線による長期被ばくが生体に与える影響について考える。

"War is hell," said General William Tecumseh Sherman. He knew exactly what he meant. After all, he was the man who led the “March to the Sea" during the American Civil War, mercilessly burning and destroying every Southern town he came across. The 20th century, sometimes called the "century of war," made his words far more prophetic than he could have ever imagined. At least 108 million people have in died in wars during the 20th century. This is a staggering number, in comparison to those who died from all wars through the entirety of preceding human history, between 150 million and one billion people. And even now, more than 20 years into the 21st century, wars show no sign of ceasing. Why have modernization and science, which supposedly contributed to human progress, not yet abolished this barbaric practice of "war"? In 1947, three years after the term "genocide" was coined to describe the systematic destruction of particular race or ethnic group, comedian Charlie Chaplin remarked in his film Monsieur Verdoux: "One murder makes a villain; millions, a hero. Numbers sanctify, my good fellow.” What history and power make this absurdity possible? And what should be done to resolve it? In this class, we will explore the answers to these questions through various documentaries, texts, and vigorous discussion.

This is an introductory course on mathematical methods for public policy analysis, designed for GraSPP students without a strong background in mathematics. Students from non-economics, non-engineering, or non-science majors are especially welcomed. The course helps students develop a solid mathematical foundation, enabling them to apply essential mathematical techniques to public policy issues. It is structured into four parts: 1. differential calculus, 2. linear algebra, 3. multivariate calculus and constrained static optimization, 4. dynamic optimization and linear dynamic systems.

Course Objectives 目的 The objective of the course is that students will foster scientific understandings of bioresources from genetic and organism levels to higher hierarchy of ecosystem and regional levels including the aspect of utilization of bioresources with emphasis on Asia. アジアにおける生物資源の利用を含めて、遺伝子と個体レベルから生態系・地域レベルでの生物資源の科学的理解を培うこと 7 Goals　目標 ➀To be able to give three examples of bioresources and explain the diversity and hierarchy that are the characteristics of living things;　 生物資源の多様性と階層性の例示 ②To be able to explain "genome editing" and "smart agriculture" with relation to bioresources as examples of technological innovations resulting from rapid advancement in biological science and information sciences; ゲノム編集とスマート農業と生物資源 ③To be able to explain issues related to genetic development of bioresources (to be presented at a later date); 生物資源の遺伝的開発に関する課題 ④To be able to give two specific examples and explain the differences in the use of bioresources due to differences in the natural and social conditions of countries and regions; 国・地域の自然・社会条件の差異と生物資源 ⑤To be able to evaluate the Green Revolution from multiple perspectives as an example of technological innovation of bioresources in the past; 緑の革命の複眼的理解 ⑥To be able to apply and explain dissemination theory to innovations related to bioresources; イノベーションの普及 ⑦To be able to constructively criticize and ask questions about other students' understanding of bioresources. 他の受講生への建設的批評・質問能力

本講義の目標は、宇宙の様々な高エネルギー現象について、それを支配する物理過程および放射機構について理解することである。近年の宇宙観測の発展、とくにX線およびガンマ線観測の発展により、高エネルギー現象の理解は飛躍的に進んできている。様々な高エネルギー現象について、最新の観測成果と関連づけて講義する。また、現象の理解に必要な放射過程の基礎についても合わせて講義する。 The goal of this lecture is to understand the physical processes and radiation mechanisms of various high-energy phenomena in the universe. Recent advances in observational technology, particularly in X-ray and gamma-ray observations, have dramatically improved our understanding of high-energy phenomena. Lectures will be given on various high-energy phenomena in relation to the latest observational results. We will also lecture on the basics of radiation processes, which are necessary for understanding the phenomena.