This course discusses organizational economics, with emphasis on problems of incentive and information, at a graduate level. The aim is to provide a basic ground of economic research on organizational economics and to stimulate participants' research activities on organizational and personnel economics (including both theoretical and empirical works).

経済や社会がこれまでどのように論じられてきたかについて概説します。アダム・スミスやケインズといった経済学者の名前は，ほかの経済学の講義でも言及されますが，より詳細に，過去の著名な思想家の人物像や学説を紹介します。

経済学史、思想史、知の歴史の分野での基礎的な研究方法を身につけること。本講義では、ジェンダー史・社会史の基礎的文献の読解を行う。

Japan's economic development provides an important case for understanding how a non-Western economy industrializes and transforms its socio-economic system. This course examines key factors that shaped the development of the Japanese economy from the eighteenth to the twentieth century. The first aim of the course is to provide students with a deeper understanding of Japan's economic development. Japan's historical experience has become more, not less, relevant to contemporary economists. For a long time Japan was the only non-Western industrialized economy. Today, led by China, the balance of industrial power has shifted dramatically toward the non-Western world. Japan's experience offers valuable lessons on how a non-Western economy industrializes and adapts its institutions and economic organization. The second aim of the course is to practice applying economic theory to real historical cases. The knowledge of economics enriches intellectual and professional life only when theory can be applied to real economic phenomena. In this course we apply economic reasoning to the historical experience of Japan. The course is organized around important research papers in Japanese economic history and development economics. In each class the instructor explains the main arguments, methods, and findings of the papers and discusses their implications for understanding Japan's economic development. The final examination will evaluate whether students have studied the assigned papers carefully and understood the main ideas discussed in class.

Japan's economic development provides an important case for understanding how a non-Western economy industrializes and transforms its socio-economic system. This course examines key factors that shaped the development of the Japanese economy from the eighteenth to the twentieth century. The first aim of the course is to provide students with a deeper understanding of Japan's economic development. Japan's historical experience has become more, not less, relevant to contemporary economists. For a long time Japan was the only non-Western industrialized economy. Today, led by China, the balance of industrial power has shifted dramatically toward the non-Western world. Japan's experience offers valuable lessons on how a non-Western economy industrializes and adapts its institutions and economic organization. The second aim of the course is to practice applying economic theory to real historical cases. The knowledge of economics enriches intellectual and professional life only when theory can be applied to real economic phenomena. In this course we apply economic reasoning to the historical experience of Japan. The course is organized around important research papers in Japanese economic history and development economics. In each class the instructor explains the main arguments, methods, and findings of the papers and discusses their implications for understanding Japan's economic development. The final examination will evaluate whether students have studied the assigned papers carefully and understood the main ideas discussed in class.

Japan's economic development provides an important case for understanding how a non-Western economy industrializes and transforms its socio-economic system. This course examines key factors that shaped the development of the Japanese economy from the eighteenth to the twentieth century. The first aim of the course is to provide students with a deeper understanding of Japan's economic development. Japan's historical experience has become more, not less, relevant to contemporary economists. For a long time Japan was the only non-Western industrialized economy. Today, led by China, the balance of industrial power has shifted dramatically toward the non-Western world. Japan's experience offers valuable lessons on how a non-Western economy industrializes and adapts its institutions and economic organization. The second aim of the course is to practice applying economic theory to real historical cases. The knowledge of economics enriches intellectual and professional life only when theory can be applied to real economic phenomena. In this course we apply economic reasoning to the historical experience of Japan. The course is organized around important research papers in Japanese economic history and development economics. In each class the instructor explains the main arguments, methods, and findings of the papers and discusses their implications for understanding Japan's economic development. The final examination will evaluate whether students have studied the assigned papers carefully and understood the main ideas discussed in class.

Course Description Economic development depends not only on technology and resources but also on institutions that shape incentives and coordinate economic activity. This course examines the long-term evolution of economic institutions in Japan from the medieval period to the present, focusing on how institutional arrangements emerged and adapted in response to incentive problems, technological change, and shifts in the international economic environment. In the early seventh century, the imperial court introduced a Chinese-style centralized administrative and landholding system. However, this regime failed to provide adequate incentives for relevant stakeholders. Adjustments to institutional realities gradually led to the emergence of the manorial system. The manorial system, the landholding and administrative structure of medieval Japan, was characterized by multiple claimants and overlapping rights and authorities over individual parcels of farmland. Although complex, this arrangement helped distribute risks and mitigate incentive problems that had emerged under the earlier centralized regime. During the early modern period, the Tokugawa shogunate and domain lords protected peasants' exclusive rights to the farmland cultivated by each household. This strengthened incentives and increased the resilience of peasant households to external shocks. At the same time, the shogunate attempted to stabilize the rural economy by regulating farmland transactions and agricultural financial markets. These institutions supported social stability and provided an important institutional foundation for the development of a market economy. Following the Meiji Restoration, exclusive property rights were reaffirmed and many regulations on farmland and financial markets were removed. Modern institutions, including a modern judicial system, corporate organizations, and Western technologies, were introduced. These reforms accelerated market expansion and initiated Japan's industrialization. From the 1880s onward, industrialization increased productivity and transformed Japanese society into a more market-oriented system. Since the 1920s, particularly during the 1930s, international economic instability and tightening labor markets made economic management more difficult. After experimenting with a command economy during the Second World War, Japan eventually adopted a state-coordinated market economy. Since the 1980s, Japan has gradually shifted toward a more rule-based market economy. This course places these institutional changes within a long-run historical perspective. Key Questions How was the manorial system formed, and how did it mitigate incentive problems? How were peasants' property rights established and protected in early modern Japan? How did Japan industrialize after the Meiji Restoration? How have institutions evolved in response to technological change and shifts in the international economy? Learning Objectives By the end of the course, students will be able to: 1. Understand the historical evolution of economic institutions in Japan from the medieval period to the present. 2. Analyze economic institutions using the framework of institutional economics. 3. Explain how incentive problems and risk-sharing mechanisms shaped historical institutions. 4. Interpret Japan's industrialization and modern economic development in a comparative perspective. 5. Understand recent institutional reforms in Japan within a long-run historical context.

Course Description Economic development depends not only on technology and resources but also on institutions that shape incentives and coordinate economic activity. This course examines the long-term evolution of economic institutions in Japan from the medieval period to the present, focusing on how institutional arrangements emerged and adapted in response to incentive problems, technological change, and shifts in the international economic environment. In the early seventh century, the imperial court introduced a Chinese-style centralized administrative and landholding system. However, this regime failed to provide adequate incentives for relevant stakeholders. Adjustments to institutional realities gradually led to the emergence of the manorial system. The manorial system, the landholding and administrative structure of medieval Japan, was characterized by multiple claimants and overlapping rights and authorities over individual parcels of farmland. Although complex, this arrangement helped distribute risks and mitigate incentive problems that had emerged under the earlier centralized regime. During the early modern period, the Tokugawa shogunate and domain lords protected peasants' exclusive rights to the farmland cultivated by each household. This strengthened incentives and increased the resilience of peasant households to external shocks. At the same time, the shogunate attempted to stabilize the rural economy by regulating farmland transactions and agricultural financial markets. These institutions supported social stability and provided an important institutional foundation for the development of a market economy. Following the Meiji Restoration, exclusive property rights were reaffirmed and many regulations on farmland and financial markets were removed. Modern institutions, including a modern judicial system, corporate organizations, and Western technologies, were introduced. These reforms accelerated market expansion and initiated Japan's industrialization. From the 1880s onward, industrialization increased productivity and transformed Japanese society into a more market-oriented system. Since the 1920s, particularly during the 1930s, international economic instability and tightening labor markets made economic management more difficult. After experimenting with a command economy during the Second World War, Japan eventually adopted a state-coordinated market economy. Since the 1980s, Japan has gradually shifted toward a more rule-based market economy. This course places these institutional changes within a long-run historical perspective. Key Questions How was the manorial system formed, and how did it mitigate incentive problems? How were peasants' property rights established and protected in early modern Japan? How did Japan industrialize after the Meiji Restoration? How have institutions evolved in response to technological change and shifts in the international economy? Learning Objectives By the end of the course, students will be able to: 1. Understand the historical evolution of economic institutions in Japan from the medieval period to the present. 2. Analyze economic institutions using the framework of institutional economics. 3. Explain how incentive problems and risk-sharing mechanisms shaped historical institutions. 4. Interpret Japan's industrialization and modern economic development in a comparative perspective. 5. Understand recent institutional reforms in Japan within a long-run historical context.

Course Description Economic development depends not only on technology and resources but also on institutions that shape incentives and coordinate economic activity. This course examines the long-term evolution of economic institutions in Japan from the medieval period to the present, focusing on how institutional arrangements emerged and adapted in response to incentive problems, technological change, and shifts in the international economic environment. In the early seventh century, the imperial court introduced a Chinese-style centralized administrative and landholding system. However, this regime failed to provide adequate incentives for relevant stakeholders. Adjustments to institutional realities gradually led to the emergence of the manorial system. The manorial system, the landholding and administrative structure of medieval Japan, was characterized by multiple claimants and overlapping rights and authorities over individual parcels of farmland. Although complex, this arrangement helped distribute risks and mitigate incentive problems that had emerged under the earlier centralized regime. During the early modern period, the Tokugawa shogunate and domain lords protected peasants' exclusive rights to the farmland cultivated by each household. This strengthened incentives and increased the resilience of peasant households to external shocks. At the same time, the shogunate attempted to stabilize the rural economy by regulating farmland transactions and agricultural financial markets. These institutions supported social stability and provided an important institutional foundation for the development of a market economy. Following the Meiji Restoration, exclusive property rights were reaffirmed and many regulations on farmland and financial markets were removed. Modern institutions, including a modern judicial system, corporate organizations, and Western technologies, were introduced. These reforms accelerated market expansion and initiated Japan's industrialization. From the 1880s onward, industrialization increased productivity and transformed Japanese society into a more market-oriented system. Since the 1920s, particularly during the 1930s, international economic instability and tightening labor markets made economic management more difficult. After experimenting with a command economy during the Second World War, Japan eventually adopted a state-coordinated market economy. Since the 1980s, Japan has gradually shifted toward a more rule-based market economy. This course places these institutional changes within a long-run historical perspective. Key Questions How was the manorial system formed, and how did it mitigate incentive problems? How were peasants' property rights established and protected in early modern Japan? How did Japan industrialize after the Meiji Restoration? How have institutions evolved in response to technological change and shifts in the international economy? Learning Objectives By the end of the course, students will be able to: 1. Understand the historical evolution of economic institutions in Japan from the medieval period to the present. 2. Analyze economic institutions using the framework of institutional economics. 3. Explain how incentive problems and risk-sharing mechanisms shaped historical institutions. 4. Interpret Japan's industrialization and modern economic development in a comparative perspective. 5. Understand recent institutional reforms in Japan within a long-run historical context.

This course purposes to acquire the academic skill to explore and discuss the historical development of Asian economies based on the basic knowledge on Global Economic History. Global Economic History has been growing as the new research field shedding light on the multi-regional paths of economic development in the long run. In particular, the historical changes of Asian economies are the significant subjects to capture the dramatic shift of the global economy in the past few centuries. This course will provide deeper understanding of Asia's economic transformations and contributions to the growth of the world economy during the 18th-20th centuries.