The topic of this course is the calculus of functions of two variables or more. Most phenomena in the real world depend on several independent variables. For instance many concepts in physics are modeled by partial differential equations involving functions of several variables. In the first half of this one-year course, you studied single-variable calculus. In this second half, you will learn how to extend these concepts to functions of several variables.

This course aims at equipping the students with the knowledge of mathematics that is needed to study vast areas of subjects related to international studies. Specifically, the course focuses on linear or matrix algebra and on differential calculus, including optimisation. The target audience of the course is students who lack or have been away from mathematics since the end of secondary education; thus, the course is designed to be accessible to such students. Yet, the course should be a useful refresher for students with stronger mathematical backgrounds, too. After completion, students are expected to be able to: - Conduct basic operations of matrix algebra - Explain the concept of linear independence - Explain different ways to solve linear equations - Describe the concepts of determinant and eigenvalues - Explain elementary functions and their properties - Explain the concepts of derivatives and integrations - Conduct basic derivatives and integrations

The topic of this course is the calculus of functions of two variables or more. Most phenomena in the real world depend on several independent variables. For instance many concepts in physics are modeled by partial differential equations involving functions of several variables. In the first half of this one-year course, you studied single-variable calculus. In this second half, you will learn how to extend these concepts to functions of several variables.

The purpose of this lecture is to explain the basics and research on Bioactive Molecules (both small and large molecules) in a "simple" and "easy-to-understand" manner for international students.

地球科学において時系列データとして記録される多種多様の観測データの解析の基本的な解析手法であるFourier変換，特に離散フーリエ変換を，その数学的基礎にまで立ち返って講義する．さらに，スペクトルと相関関数，線形システムの応答，スペクトルの推定誤差，簡単な数値フィルター等，時系列データ解析の基本となるいくつかの項目について講義する．地球物理学における時系列データ解析の応用についても紹介する． For Earth Science, Fourier Transform (especially Discrete Fourier Transform; DFT) is a fundamental method to analyze various kinds of observed data of time series. We will give explanations about such method from its basics. Some fundamental topics on time-series analysis, such as frequency spectrum and correlation function, response of linear systems, errors in spectrum estimation, and numerical filters, will be discussed. Application of time series analysis in Geophysics is also introduced.

"War is hell," said General William Tecumseh Sherman. He knew exactly what he meant. After all, he was the man who led the “March to the Sea" during the American Civil War, mercilessly burning and destroying every Southern town he came across. The 20th century, sometimes called the "century of war," made his words far more prophetic than he could have ever imagined. At least 108 million people have in died in wars during the 20th century. This is a staggering number, in comparison to those who died from all wars through the entirety of preceding human history, between 150 million and one billion people. And even now, more than 20 years into the 21st century, wars show no sign of ceasing. Why have modernization and science, which supposedly contributed to human progress, not yet abolished this barbaric practice of "war"? In 1947, three years after the term "genocide" was coined to describe the systematic destruction of particular race or ethnic group, comedian Charlie Chaplin remarked in his film Monsieur Verdoux: "One murder makes a villain; millions, a hero. Numbers sanctify, my good fellow.” What history and power make this absurdity possible? And what should be done to resolve it? In this class, we will explore the answers to these questions through various documentaries, texts, and vigorous discussion.

This course explores key concepts and conceptions in political philosophy that are relevant to contemporary societies. Our societies are often not well-ordered, allowing even the unreasonable to hold political power, even in so-called "liberal democratic" societies. Given this reality, it is crucial to examine the existence of political obligation - whether there is a duty to obey laws and institutions - as well as the legitimacy of public and social policies and the role of justice and freedom. This course addresses these fundamental questions through a careful study of political philosophy.

It has been almost a century since Japan's first trial by jury system (Baishin-seido 1928) was introduced. More than fifteen years have passed since the introduction of Japan's second trial by jury system (Saiban'in-seido 2009). Both of Japan's trial by jury systems were significant but controversial reforms aimed at incorporating citizen participation in criminal trials in order to improve the functioning of the judiciary and overcome its failures to strengthen the rule of law. This seminar will critically examine why these systems were introduced, what functions these systems actually fulfil and how they operate in reality. Adopting a multidisciplinary approach inherent to law and society studies, we will explore the historical, comparative, political and sociological dimensions of Japan’s trial by jury systems, with a particular focus on Japan's unique trajectory. The seminar will begin by tracing the historical development of jury trials in Japan, from early experiments in the late 19th century, through their pre-war implementation (1928-1943), to their post-war revival under US rule in Okinawa (1945-1972). Through this historical lens, we will contextualise Japan's modern Saiban'in system within broader global trends and compare it with jury systems in other jurisdictions. Our discussions will also incorporate contemporary issues, such as political discourses surrounding citizen participation and trends in statistical data, to provide a basis for understanding jury trials both quantitatively and qualitatively. The jury is often hailed as a symbol of democracy and fairness, but it is also criticised for being biased, unpredictable, and unqualified. To assess these claims, we will analyse a range of primary materials - including court decisions, legislative texts, political speeches, and personal accounts - alongside secondary academic readings. Methodological introductions at the beginning of each class will equip students with sociological tools, such as legal consciousness studies and comparative analysis, to critically engage with these materials. In addition, students will conduct interviews with individuals who have participated in jury trials, fostering first-hand insights into the practical realities of citizen participation in legal decision-making. The course will also include guest speakers from a range of legal backgrounds, such as practising lawyers, judges, and NGO representatives, who will provide practical perspectives on the role of the jury in contemporary society. Through our discussions, students will grapple with pressing questions: How do collective social narratives shape perceptions of justice? Why does Japan's criminal justice system resist deeper structural change? How does the interplay between institutional frameworks and cultural values influence jury systems? By the end of the course, students will have developed a nuanced understanding of the jury as a dynamic yet controversial institution. They will be able to analyse the challenges facing the jury in contemporary society, understand the legal rules governing jury trials, and engage with key social science research on jury systems. In addition, students will apply social science theory, research, and methodology to address complex issues surrounding the jury, equipping them with the tools to critically assess its potential and limitations in Japan and beyond.

Course Objectives 目的 The objective of the course is that students will foster scientific understandings of bioresources from genetic and organism levels to higher hierarchy of ecosystem and regional levels including the aspect of utilization of bioresources with emphasis on Asia. アジアにおける生物資源の利用を含めて、遺伝子と個体レベルから生態系・地域レベルでの生物資源の科学的理解を培うこと 7 Goals　目標 ➀To be able to give three examples of bioresources and explain the diversity and hierarchy that are the characteristics of living things;　 生物資源の多様性と階層性の例示 ②To be able to explain "genome editing" and "smart agriculture" with relation to bioresources as examples of technological innovations resulting from rapid advancement in biological science and information sciences; ゲノム編集とスマート農業と生物資源 ③To be able to explain issues related to genetic development of bioresources (to be presented at a later date); 生物資源の遺伝的開発に関する課題 ④To be able to give two specific examples and explain the differences in the use of bioresources due to differences in the natural and social conditions of countries and regions; 国・地域の自然・社会条件の差異と生物資源 ⑤To be able to evaluate the Green Revolution from multiple perspectives as an example of technological innovation of bioresources in the past; 緑の革命の複眼的理解 ⑥To be able to apply and explain dissemination theory to innovations related to bioresources; イノベーションの普及 ⑦To be able to constructively criticize and ask questions about other students' understanding of bioresources. 他の受講生への建設的批評・質問能力

授業の目標・概要＊必須 （Course Objectives/Overview） Each cell in a multicellular organism holds all biological information (i.e., genomic information) of its whole body, and this information is recorded in the form of DNA molecular structure (nucleotide sequence), where various proteins, whose structural information is written in the genetic code, control significant life phenomena. This lecture aims to provide students with an introduction to computer analysis of genome information (bioinformatics) by answering basic questions such as what genome information is, what kind of information is written in what form, and to what extent functional information can be read from the DNA sequence of genomes and the amino acid sequence/three-dimensional structure of proteins, as well as recent topics in genome information analysis, which have made remarkable progress, without requiring much prior knowledge.