動物の組織・器官は発生過程でその原基が作られ、それらが整然と配置され機能することにより動物のからだは維持されている。本講義では発生学，分子生物学，細胞生物学、遺伝学などにより明らかにされた受精、発生、器官形成および維持のメカニズムを遺伝子，細胞，組織の各レベルで理解することを目指す。 Animal tissues and organs are maintained by the orderly arrangement and functioning of their primordia, which are formed during the developmental process. The goal of this course is to understand the mechanisms of fertilization, development, organ formation and maintenance that have been elucidated by embryology, molecular biology, cell biology, and genetics.

本講義では，動物の組織・器官の基本構造がどのようにつくられていくか、その発生の基本的概念について背後ある分子メカニズムや細胞生物学的事象を含めて理解する。特に脊椎動物の初期発生おける胚葉誘導、体軸形成、ボディプランの成立を中心に、実験系の歴史的背景から生物種を超えた普遍的なメカニズムを理解する。 In this course, the goal is to understand how the basic structures of animal tissues and organs are formed, including the fundamental concepts of their development, with an emphasis on the underlying molecular mechanisms and cellular biological events. Specifically, the course aims to comprehend the universal mechanisms across species, focusing on the induction of germ layers, the formation of the body axis, and the establishment of the body plan in the early development of vertebrates, from the historical background of experimental systems.

Each PhD student will individually implement overseas fieldwork etc. under the guidance of the supervisor, which is necessary for writing Ph.D. dissertation (14 days or more in total; Participation in international conferences can be partially included.)

細胞の増殖や分化、生体ホメオスタシス、発生、神経活動などのさまざまな生命現象の特徴を、個々の分子や遺伝子が集まって機能する分子ネットワークの「システム」の振る舞いとして理解する。簡単な分子ネットワークの組み合わせでできる微分回路や積分回路、振動子、メモリ、スイッチ応答などの振る舞いを、具体的な生命現象に照らし合わせながら講義する。さらに、最近急速に発展しつつある多階層オミクスを統合したデータドリブンのシステム生物学についても紹介する。 The characteristics of various life phenomena, such as cell growth and differentiation, biological homeostasis, development, and neural activity, are understood as the behavior of a 'system' of molecular networks in which individual molecules and genes come together to function. The behavior of differential and integral circuits, oscillators, memory, switch responses, etc., which can be produced by the combination of simple molecular networks, will be lectured in the context of specific life phenomena. In addition, data-driven systems biology integrating multi-level omics, which is rapidly developing these days, will be introduced.

目標 ・生産・環境生物学専攻および研究協力ユニットが取り組む研究分野の概要を理解する。 ・各研究室の研究成果、研究領域の最新の動向を理解する。 ・今後の食糧、環境問題に対して生産・環境生物学が果たす役割を考察する。 概要 生産・環境生物学専攻および研究協力ユニットで行われている研究について基礎的知見から最新の成果までを紹介する。研究内容や成果の理解を通して、これからの時代に求められる農業生物資源や生産システムについて考察する。 Class objectives and themes • Understand an overview of the research fields that the Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology and its research collaboration units are working on • Understand the research results of each laboratory and the latest trends in the research field • Consider the role of agricultural and environmental biology in the food and environmental problems in the future Outline of the class In this lecture, the basic knowledge and the latest results of the research conducted in the Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology and its research collaboration units will be introduced. Through the understanding of the research and its achievement, we will consider the agricultural biological resources and production systems that will be required in the coming era.

In this course we will explore various socio-cultural issues and debates involving schools, universities and education systems in Asia-Pacific societies. In addition to investigating self-selected topics, students will: •Debate and discuss the colonial, cultural and philosophical influences that have shaped education systems in the Asia-Pacific •Explore debates about the purposes of formal schooling, and the role of shadow education (cram schools) in various Asia-Pacific contexts •Consider in comparative perspective how education is used as a political tool to shape national identities through moral, civic, and history curricula •Examine student-led social movements in Asia-Pacific societies -Explore issues of diversity and inclusion in Asia-Pacific contexts •Consider the influences regional study abroad and research collaboration may have on East Asian international relations We will engage with leading scholarship in the field, representations in the media, and our own educational experiences to explore these and other student-directed topics. Students will develop skills in academic reading, writing, presentation, and discussion.

生命システムが満たすべき普遍構造を理論物理学の立場から議論する。分子、細胞、個体、生態系という異なる階層間での発展ダイナミクスクの整合性を指導原理として、複製、適応、発生、進化の普遍法則を追及する。人工細胞の複製、細胞の適応、多細胞生物の発生過程、人工的進化などの構成的実験をふまえつつ、複製系の統計法則、生命情報の起源、相互触媒制御による適応、発生現象の安定性、細胞分化の不可逆性、ゆらぎと進化の関係、遺伝子型―表現型対応の安定性の理論を述べ、生命システムを理解するための物理理論の方向性を議論したい。質問や議論を通じた積極的な講義への参加を期待する。 Through this course, we discuss universal features in biological systems with the aid of concepts in theoretical physics. Based on the consistency principle between different hierarchal layers including molecules, cells, organisms, and ecosystems, we study the dynamic behavior of complex biological systems. The topics include universal laws in replicating cell systems, an origin of biological information, environmental adaptation by complex reaction network, developmental robustness, irreversibility in stem cell differentiation, a relationship between phenotypic fluctuation and evolution. Active participation in the lecture through questions and discussion is expected.

生命システムが満たすべき普遍構造を理論物理学の立場から議論する。分子、細胞、個体、生態系という異なる階層間での発展ダイナミクスクの整合性を指導原理として、複製、適応、発生、進化の普遍法則を追及する。人工細胞の複製、細胞の適応、多細胞生物の発生過程、人工的進化などの構成的実験をふまえつつ、複製系の統計法則、生命情報の起源、相互触媒制御による適応、発生現象の安定性、細胞分化の不可逆性、ゆらぎと進化の関係、遺伝子型―表現型対応の安定性の理論を述べ、生命システムを理解するための物理理論の方向性を議論したい。質問や議論を通じた積極的な講義への参加を期待する。 Through this course, we discuss universal features in biological systems with the aid of concepts in theoretical physics. Based on the consistency principle between different hierarchal layers including molecules, cells, organisms, and ecosystems, we study the dynamic behavior of complex biological systems. The topics include universal laws in replicating cell systems, an origin of biological information, environmental adaptation by complex reaction network, developmental robustness, irreversibility in stem cell differentiation, a relationship between phenotypic fluctuation and evolution. Active participation in the lecture through questions and discussion is expected.

動物や植物などの多細胞生物は，たった１個の受精卵が細胞分裂により増殖し，細胞の分化や器官の発生を通して精巧な体制を作り出す。ただし、発生過程は細胞の増殖や分化だけですべてを理解できるわけではなく、発生を司るメカニズムや法則性といった問題は未解明である。本講義では、発生学を中心とした様々な分野で第一線で研究をすすめる科学者が、それぞれの分野における現在までの知見、そして今後解明が望まれる未解明問題を扱う。講義タイトルをみて頂くとわかるように、分子メカニズム、機械的応力、進化的理解、エピジェネティクス、そして数理的理解など様々な観点から発生学を俯瞰する講義とする。

This course provides an overview of the key issues and theories of global change and international affairs in the twenty-first century. Introductory sessions will cover core theories as well as integrating concepts to help understand international relations as a complex interplay between power and interests, cooperation and discord; institutions and norms, diverse actors from great powers to small states as well as the (newly) recognized importance of middle powers, power transition, and global order. Especially this course will explore the challenges of ‘shaping’ the international environment and consider critically the notions of power and influence in international relations. The various dimensions of influence are explored by looking at themes such as: geopolitics and strategy; communications in international relations; the utility and limits of military power; and the role of legitimacy in international relations. It is anticipated that students will develop a deeper and more nuanced understanding of the complexities of the international system in the twenty-first century. Through assigned academic writings, students are directed to the linkage between emerging global events and to thinking critically about how the global agenda of the new millennium will be shaped by drivers such as globalisation, cooperation and discord, and major power transitions. The following outcomes are emphasized: 1.Ability to approach both theoretical debates and foreign policy outcomes with diverse analytical tools 2.Ability to collate and evaluate arguments from different sources and perspectives 3.Ability to formulate and articulate views coherently in written and oral form 4.Critical thinking, analytical and reading skills