細胞は身体を構成している基本単位であり、細胞内および細胞間で生じる現象を分子レベルで理解することは生命科学および薬学において不可欠である。本講義では、細胞小器官の構築、細胞内のタンパク質の局在化機構などの細胞生物学の基礎および分子細胞生物学を支える基礎的技術について講義を行う。 　これらの講義および「分子生物学」、「機能生物学」の講義を通じて、生命体の成り立ちを細胞レベル・分子レベルで理解し、生物系薬学を学ぶための基盤となる知識と技能を習得する。 　The cell is the basic unit that makes up the body, and understanding the phenomena that occur within and between cells at the molecular level is essential in the life sciences and pharmaceutical sciences. In this lecture, we will cover the fundamentals of cell biology, such as the construction of cell organelles and the mechanism of protein localization in cells, as well as the basic techniques that support molecular cell biology. 　Through these lectures and lectures on "Molecular Biology" and "Functional Biology," students will gain an understanding of how living organisms are formed at the cellular and molecular levels, and acquire knowledge and skills that will serve as a foundation for studying biological pharmaceutical science.

動物や植物などの多細胞生物は，たった１個の受精卵が細胞分裂により増殖し，細胞の分化や器官の発生を通して精巧な体制を作り出す。ただし、発生過程は細胞の増殖や分化だけですべてを理解できるわけではなく、発生を司るメカニズムや法則性といった問題は未解明である。本講義では、発生学を中心とした様々な分野で第一線で研究をすすめる科学者が、それぞれの分野における現在までの知見、そして今後解明が望まれる未解明問題を扱う。講義タイトルをみて頂くとわかるように、分子メカニズム、機械的応力、進化的理解、エピジェネティクス、そして数理的理解など様々な観点から発生学を俯瞰する講義とする。

細胞は身体を構成している基本単位であり、細胞内および細胞間で生じる現象を分子レベルで理解することは生命科学および薬学において不可欠である。本講義では、細胞増殖、細胞死、細胞分化など細胞機能制御および細胞間相互作用により生じる機能発現制御の分子メカニズムについて講義を行う。 　これらの講義および「分子生物学」、「細胞生物学」の講義を通じて、生命体の成り立ちを細胞レベル・分子レベルで理解し、生物系薬学を学ぶための基盤となる知識と技能を習得する。

細胞生物学的な視点から、薬科学分野における最新の生物系の研究動向を紹介します。（Based on a cell-biological point of view, we introduce the latest biological research trends in the field of pharmaceutical sciences.）

This course discusses the functions and mechanisms of innovation systems and the economic assessment of their impacts, with implications for industrial structure and dynamics and societal challenges. Particular attention is paid to corporate strategy, public policy, and institutional design. Among the issues to be discussed in this course include models of technological change, systems approaches to innovation, research and development, intellectual property rights, university-industry collaboration, public policy for innovation, and case studies in various sectors. The processes of producing, adopting, and utilizing innovations are elaborated from a perspective of co-evolution of technology and institutions. Analysis of economic evolution is introduced, and its concepts and methodologies are elaborated to represent and model the dynamics of innovations. Systemic approaches are taken to discuss the functions and structure of innovations at the national as well as industrial levels. These theoretical frameworks introduced in the first half of the course are utilized to understand the mechanisms of creating innovations on various types of societal issues, including food, energy, chemicals, information and communication, and health. Implications for public policy and institutional design are explored for a transition towards global sustainability.

This course discusses the functions and mechanisms of innovation systems and the economic assessment of their impacts, with implications for industrial structure and dynamics and societal challenges. Particular attention is paid to corporate strategy, public policy, and institutional design. Among the issues to be discussed in this course include models of technological change, systems approaches to innovation, research and development, intellectual property rights, university-industry collaboration, public policy for innovation, and case studies in various sectors. The processes of producing, adopting, and utilizing innovations are elaborated from a perspective of co-evolution of technology and institutions. Analysis of economic evolution is introduced, and its concepts and methodologies are elaborated to represent and model the dynamics of innovations. Systemic approaches are taken to discuss the functions and structure of innovations at the national as well as industrial levels. These theoretical frameworks introduced in the first half of the course are utilized to understand the mechanisms of creating innovations on various types of societal issues, including food, energy, chemicals, information and communication, and health. Implications for public policy and institutional design are explored for a transition towards global sustainability.

生命の最小単位である細胞について、その内部の構造と機能を中心に学ぶ。細胞内で実現される様々な機能とその分子機序を学ぶことで、細胞の全体像を理解する。一般的な細胞生物学の教科書に記載されていることを基盤として学ぶが、それだけでなく各トピックにおける最先端の研究論文も参考にして講義を行う。これまでに生物を対象とした数々の研究によってどのような発見がなされ、現代の生物学の基盤は作られたのか。そして生物における普遍原理はどこまで明らかとなっているのか、これから生物学が挑む課題とは何なのか、半年間の講義を通じて議論する。

In the early seventh century, the imperial court completed introduction of the Chinese centralized administrative and land-ownership regime, which only proved to fail to provide appropriate incentives to relevant stake holders. Adjustment of the regime to the reality brought about the manorial system. The manorial system, the landownership and administrative system in medieval times, was a characterized by multiple claimants and stratified authorities on a parcel of farmland. This complicated mechanism better worked to share risk and to mitigate incentive problems that had become salient in the ancient times. Then, in early modern times, the shogunate and lords came to protect peasants' exclusive property right of a parcel farmland the peasant family cultivated, to provide augmented incentives to peasants who now became more resilient against external shocks. The protection of exclusive property right in the early modern times formed the institutional basis of the market economy. At the same time, the shogunate attempted to stabilize the peasant economy by regulating the farmland and agricultural financial markets. The regulation enabled the social stability under the shogunate regime. After the Meiji Restoration, the exclusive property right was reauthorized, and regulations on the farmland and financial markets were abandoned. Furthermore, modern judicial system and firm organizations, along with modern technologies, were introduced from the West. The modernization effort accelerated market expansion and ignited industrialization. Industrialization from the 1880s not only accelerated the productivity growth but also transformed the Japanese society to a more market oriented system, whose entire process is called industrial revolution. The modern sectors in the Japanese society composed a classical market economy from the 1880s to the 1910s. The development in the period was supported by the well integrated international market, and was at least partly accommodated by the pool of slack labor in the traditional sector. Since the 1920s, especially in the 1930s, those favorable environments were impaired. Without a stable international financial market, the macroeconomic stability of a national economy needed to be sustained by individual states. Such an international condition rather exacerbated difficulty of managing the society as the labor market was becoming tighter as slack labor in rural regions was absorbed by the growing modern sector. At the end, Japan chose a state-coordinated market economy after the experiment of command economy during the second world war. Then, from the 1980s, the economy has gradually back to the normal, the rule-based market economy. As of the course is to overview institutional changes in the Japanese economy from the 1920s to the 2000s and to understand how institutional and organizational factors work in a changing society. How was the manorial system formed, and how did it mitigate incentive problems then? How was property right of peasants was formed and protected in early modern times? Finally, how was Japan industrialized after the Meiji Restoration? In the real world, the first best resource allocation, which is presumed to be realized under perfect competition, cannot be achieved anyway. Given the structure of informational asymmetry and other technological conditions, a better second best has been sought and has evolved over times. The first aim of the course is to understand economic development of Japan from the medieval times, through the Tokugawa period and the Meiji Restoration, to the industrial revolution in the late 19th century. Then, current shape of the Japanese economy would be better understood by placing the structural reform in the last three decades on a broader context from the 1920s. This is our goal.

In the early seventh century, the imperial court completed introduction of the Chinese centralized administrative and land-ownership regime, which only proved to fail to provide appropriate incentives to relevant stake holders. Adjustment of the regime to the reality brought about the manorial system. The manorial system, the landownership and administrative system in medieval times, was a characterized by multiple claimants and stratified authorities on a parcel of farmland. This complicated mechanism better worked to share risk and to mitigate incentive problems that had become salient in the ancient times. Then, in early modern times, the shogunate and lords came to protect peasants' exclusive property right of a parcel farmland the peasant family cultivated, to provide augmented incentives to peasants who now became more resilient against external shocks. The protection of exclusive property right in the early modern times formed the institutional basis of the market economy. At the same time, the shogunate attempted to stabilize the peasant economy by regulating the farmland and agricultural financial markets. The regulation enabled the social stability under the shogunate regime. After the Meiji Restoration, the exclusive property right was reauthorized, and regulations on the farmland and financial markets were abandoned. Furthermore, modern judicial system and firm organizations, along with modern technologies, were introduced from the West. The modernization effort accelerated market expansion and ignited industrialization. Industrialization from the 1880s not only accelerated the productivity growth but also transformed the Japanese society to a more market oriented system, whose entire process is called industrial revolution. The modern sectors in the Japanese society composed a classical market economy from the 1880s to the 1910s. The development in the period was supported by the well integrated international market, and was at least partly accommodated by the pool of slack labor in the traditional sector. Since the 1920s, especially in the 1930s, those favorable environments were impaired. Without a stable international financial market, the macroeconomic stability of a national economy needed to be sustained by individual states. Such an international condition rather exacerbated difficulty of managing the society as the labor market was becoming tighter as slack labor in rural regions was absorbed by the growing modern sector. At the end, Japan chose a state-coordinated market economy after the experiment of command economy during the second world war. Then, from the 1980s, the economy has gradually back to the normal, the rule-based market economy. As of the course is to overview institutional changes in the Japanese economy from the 1920s to the 2000s and to understand how institutional and organizational factors work in a changing society. How was the manorial system formed, and how did it mitigate incentive problems then? How was property right of peasants was formed and protected in early modern times? Finally, how was Japan industrialized after the Meiji Restoration? In the real world, the first best resource allocation, which is presumed to be realized under perfect competition, cannot be achieved anyway. Given the structure of informational asymmetry and other technological conditions, a better second best has been sought and has evolved over times. The first aim of the course is to understand economic development of Japan from the medieval times, through the Tokugawa period and the Meiji Restoration, to the industrial revolution in the late 19th century. Then, current shape of the Japanese economy would be better understood by placing the structural reform in the last three decades on a broader context from the 1920s. This is our goal.

In the early seventh century, the imperial court completed introduction of the Chinese centralized administrative and land-ownership regime, which only proved to fail to provide appropriate incentives to relevant stake holders. Adjustment of the regime to the reality brought about the manorial system. The manorial system, the landownership and administrative system in medieval times, was a characterized by multiple claimants and stratified authorities on a parcel of farmland. This complicated mechanism better worked to share risk and to mitigate incentive problems that had become salient in the ancient times. Then, in early modern times, the shogunate and lords came to protect peasants' exclusive property right of a parcel farmland the peasant family cultivated, to provide augmented incentives to peasants who now became more resilient against external shocks. The protection of exclusive property right in the early modern times formed the institutional basis of the market economy. At the same time, the shogunate attempted to stabilize the peasant economy by regulating the farmland and agricultural financial markets. The regulation enabled the social stability under the shogunate regime. After the Meiji Restoration, the exclusive property right was reauthorized, and regulations on the farmland and financial markets were abandoned. Furthermore, modern judicial system and firm organizations, along with modern technologies, were introduced from the West. The modernization effort accelerated market expansion and ignited industrialization. Industrialization from the 1880s not only accelerated the productivity growth but also transformed the Japanese society to a more market oriented system, whose entire process is called industrial revolution. The modern sectors in the Japanese society composed a classical market economy from the 1880s to the 1910s. The development in the period was supported by the well integrated international market, and was at least partly accommodated by the pool of slack labor in the traditional sector. Since the 1920s, especially in the 1930s, those favorable environments were impaired. Without a stable international financial market, the macroeconomic stability of a national economy needed to be sustained by individual states. Such an international condition rather exacerbated difficulty of managing the society as the labor market was becoming tighter as slack labor in rural regions was absorbed by the growing modern sector. At the end, Japan chose a state-coordinated market economy after the experiment of command economy during the second world war. Then, from the 1980s, the economy has gradually back to the normal, the rule-based market economy. As of the course is to overview institutional changes in the Japanese economy from the 1920s to the 2000s and to understand how institutional and organizational factors work in a changing society. How was the manorial system formed, and how did it mitigate incentive problems then? How was property right of peasants was formed and protected in early modern times? Finally, how was Japan industrialized after the Meiji Restoration? In the real world, the first best resource allocation, which is presumed to be realized under perfect competition, cannot be achieved anyway. Given the structure of informational asymmetry and other technological conditions, a better second best has been sought and has evolved over times. The first aim of the course is to understand economic development of Japan from the medieval times, through the Tokugawa period and the Meiji Restoration, to the industrial revolution in the late 19th century. Then, current shape of the Japanese economy would be better understood by placing the structural reform in the last three decades on a broader context from the 1920s. This is our goal.