Plant improvement (breeding) is the key driving force of the agricultural development in the world. A major goal of plant breeding is to develop useful crop cultivars with higher yielding traits and tolerance to various (a)biotic stresses. To this end, the systematic methodologies for targeting plant traits, selecting adapted genotypes, identifying genes or alleles of importance and developing the DNA markers should be focused. Physiological and molecular characterization of the promising genotypes also accelerates the plant breeding processes. The lectures, offered by experts with wide experiences in international research on plant breeding, genetics, genomics and/or molecular physiology will give the whole systemic view of plant improvement.