1. **Crystal Structure**
Crystal lattices, unit cells, symmetry, crystallographic directions and planes, and representative semiconductor crystal structures.
2. **Diffraction and Structural Characterization**
Fundamentals of reciprocal space, Bragg diffraction, X-ray and electron diffraction, and their application to crystal structure determination.
3. **Chemical Bonding in Solids**
Ionic, covalent, metallic, and van der Waals bonding; bonding–structure relationships and their influence on materials properties.
4. **Atomic Electronic Structure and Band Formation**
Atomic orbitals, energy-level splitting in solids, formation of energy bands, density of states, and the distinction among metals, semiconductors, and insulators.
5. **Electrons and Holes in Semiconductors**
Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, carrier statistics, Fermi level, doping, carrier concentration, mobility, conductivity, drift, and diffusion.
6. **Semiconductor Heterojunctions**
Band alignment, electron affinity, type-I, type-II, and type-III heterojunctions, carrier confinement, and transport across semiconductor interfaces.
7. **Metal–Semiconductor Junctions**
Schottky and Ohmic contacts, work function and electron affinity, barrier formation, band bending, interface states, and current transport mechanisms.
8. **MOS Capacitors and Semiconductor–Dielectric Interfaces**
Energy-band diagrams, accumulation, depletion, and inversion; capacitance–voltage characteristics, threshold behavior, and interface charge.
9. **Dielectric Materials for Electronic Devices**
Polarization mechanisms, dielectric constant, dielectric loss, breakdown, interface quality, high-\(k\) dielectrics, and scaling considerations.
10. **Semiconductor Device Manufacturing**
Overview of semiconductor fabrication processes, including crystal growth, thin-film deposition, oxidation, lithography, etching, doping, metallization, and device integration.
11. **Semiconductor Device Applications I**
Operating principles and applications of representative semiconductor devices, including diodes, field-effect transistors, and related electronic devices, with emphasis on the relationship between materials properties, device structure, and performance.