特殊講義「国際安全保障論」

武力行使の禁止、領土保全、人民の自決といった20世紀の国際社会が鋭意、築き上げてきた国際規範を踏みにじり、核兵器使用を威嚇しつつ、隣国の領土の割譲と政権の転覆を目標とするのがロシアの対ウクライナ戦争です。それも核兵器保有国で国連安全保障理事会の常任理事国ロシアの戦争です。戦争は無条件に否定されねばなりません。だからといって国際平和が必ずしも人間の安全を保障するとは限りません。国際関係の歴史を一瞥すれば、国際平和というものはその有り様しだいで人間の安全を脅かしてきたことも事実です。
第一次世界大戦から今日に至るおよそ百年間に、植民地主義戦争、帝国主義の戦争、民族の戦争、そして20世紀後半には国家統治の正当性をめぐるイデオロギー内戦が多発し、戦争の形態が変わりました。そして冷戦の終結後には国外のディアスポラから支えられた越境的なエスニック戦争が主流になります。この間、時の権力者（統治者）による「民衆殺戮」の犠牲者数が戦争の犠牲者数に並ぶほどの大規模な人民殺戮が行われていたことが最近、明らかになりました。多くの場合、民衆殺戮の対象は民族マイノリティであり、政治的反体制派の人々です。なぜ平和な時代に人民が殺戮の対象になるのでしょうか。なぜ平和な時代に人民同士が戦うのでしょうか。平和とは一体、誰のための、何のために追求されるのでしょうか。安全保障とは一体、誰の安全の保障なのでしょうか。
こうした疑問を抱きつつ19世紀後半から21世紀初頭に至るまでのおよそ1世紀半における、戦争様式の変化、国際平和秩序の変容、安全保障概念の変容、国家ガバナンス基準の変容の歴史をたどることで、解を探ります。同時に、国際政治システムに内在する戦争原因のみならず、統治システム（ガバナンス）に内在する人民抑圧の構造にも民衆殺戮の原因を見出し、国際平和と人間の安全保障の双方の実現を目指す平和創造の方法について考察します。

Russia's war against Ukraine is aimed at ceding territory and overthrowing the government of a neighboring country by threatening the use of nuclear weapons, in violation of the international norms that the international community has diligently established in the 20th century, such as the prohibition of the use of force, territorial integrity, and self-determination of peoples. It is also a war by such a nuclear-weapon state and a permanent member of the UN Security Council. War must be unconditionally rejected. But that does not mean that international peace necessarily guarantees human security. A glance at the history of international relations reveals that international peace has threatened human security in different ways.
In the hundred years from World War I to the present day, the forms of warfare have changed: wars of colonialism, wars of imperialism, ethnic wars, and in the latter half of the 20th century, civil wars. After the end of the Cold War, cross-border ethnic wars, supported by diasporas outside the country, became mainstream. It has recently come to light that during this period, the number of victims of “democide” by those in power at the time (the rulers) was so large that it rivals the number of victims of war. In many cases, the targets of the mass murder were ethnic minorities and political dissidents. Why are peoples targeted for slaughter in times of peace? Why do peoples fight each other in times of peace? For whom and for what is peace pursued? Whose security is it when we talk about national security?
With these questions in mind, we will search for answers by tracing the history of changes in the modes of warfare, the transformation of the international peace order, and the transformation of both internal governance standard and the concept of security during the century and a half from the late 19th century to the beginning of the 21st century. At the same time, we will also look for the causes of the mass murders not only in the causes of war inherent in the international political system, but also in the structures of popular oppression inherent in the governance system, and consider ways to create peace that aim to realize both international peace and human security.